Full Description

This paper describes reverse osmosis (RO) plants and operating experiences at three municipalities in Illinois thatoperate on well waters with 1000-4000 S/cm conductivities and above the maximum allowedconcentrations of radionuclides. In all three cases, pilot plant testing verified that RO worked asexpected without any big surprises. The full-scale RO plants started up in 2002-2004, and varied insize from 0.4 million gallons per day (mgd) (72 msup3/sup/h) to four trains, each with 1 mgd (159 msup3/sup/h)permeate flow rate capacity. Antiscalants and sulfuric acid dosing to pH 6.8 prevent precipitation ofinorganics in the RO elements. The three RO plants have operated trouble free, except forreplacement of a PLC card and a pump motor, for 4-6 years. Low energy RO elements, whichrequire a lower feed pressure to the expense of a higher solute passage, were used, but still thepassage of hardness and radium was only 1-2 percent based on the feed concentration. Thecalculated passages of adjusted gross alpha and gross beta were higher, 4.5 and 33 percentrespectively. This was most likely the result of progeny from radon, which is not rejected by themembrane, so air stripping the permeate to remove the radon would most likely remove most of thegross alpha and gross beta. The uranium concentrations in the feeds were too small to be measuredaccurately, but other studies have shown that RO membrane rejection of uranium is above 99percent, at least at pH 6.8 and above.Two of the RO units had three stages and operated on high TDS water without an interstage boosterpump, which resulted in a negative net driving pressure for the downstream elements, and thus agrossly unbalanced permeate flux. The resulting very high permeate flux for the upstream elementswas probably the reason for particulate fouling that has required a feed pressure increase by up to 32psi (2.2 bar) over 5 years to maintain the design permeate flow rate. Includes 6 references, tables, figures.

Product Details

Edition: Vol. - No. Published: 11/01/2009 Number of Pages: 20File Size: 1 file , 810 KB