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Eastern Municipal Water District (EMWD), located in southern California, recently completed two brine treatment studies, one for the California Department ofWater Resources (DWR) and the other for the United States Department of Interior, Bureau ofReclamation (USBR). These studies investigated the cost of different alternative processtreatment trains to recover additional usable water from primary reverse osmosis (RO) brine,and either reduce the volume of brine significantly, or go to complete zero-liquid discharge(ZLD). The studies included pilot scale, bench scale and desktop evaluations of bothestablished and emerging technologies for brine treatment. Chemical softening of primary RObrine followed by either a second RO process or electrodialysis reversal (EDR) is an example ofso-called established technologies; emerging technologies investigated included membranedistillation (MD), forward osmosis (FO) and seeded reverse osmosis. A 50-gpm chemicalsoftening process was operated for 6-months and provided feed water to RO and EDR pilotunits. MD and FO were tested at bench scale, and seeded RO was operated in a batch pilot plant.Capital and operation and maintenance (O

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Edition: Vol. - No. Published: 11/01/2008 Number of Pages: 57File Size: 1 file , 1.2 MB