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Most surface water treatment systems include single-media or dual-media (sand and anthracite)gravity filtration as the final particle removal process. Conventional gravity filters are designed tooperate at filtration rates anywhere between 6 msup3/sup/msup2/sup/h and 12 msup3/sup/msup2/sup/h. With the latest revisionof the turbidity limits requiring a reading of less than 0.3 NTU and particle (2 m) limits of lessthan 50 counts per mL, some filtration facilities have difficulty in producing regulatory-compliantwater. In addition, when it is time to expand the treatment facility to accommodate increasingtreated water demands, the owners have to choose to either add more filter cells or to replacethe media filters with more costly membrane filtration equipment.This paper presents a modified concept of deep bed filtration that meets the water quality andquantity upgrade requirements for retrofitting existing filters, pilot study results, and the designconsideration of deep-bed filter conversion for two water treatment facilities in Alberta, Canada.

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Edition: Vol. - No. Published: 06/01/2007 Number of Pages: 51File Size: 1 file , 6.5 MB