Full Description

A worldwide survey was conducted to obtain up-to-datedata on full-scale reverse osmosis (RO) andnanofiltration (NF) water treatment plants using seawater,brackish water, or reclaimed wastewater asfeedwater. Participation in the online survey was limitedto facilities with capacities greater than or equal to 1 mgd and dates ofstartup or retrofitting later than 1990.Survey results highlighted trends in pretreatment andposttreatment, membrane characteristics, operation, costs,residuals management, and regulations. Comments byrespondents directly involved in RO/NF plant operationsreflected the lessons learned from day-to-day experience.Using the information summarized here, the industry canidentify the main constraints to the advance of RO/NFtechnology, i.e., residuals disposals and management,operations and maintenance costs, and focus efforts ondeveloping solutions. Facilities interested in incorporatingRO/NF in their treatment process can use this study as astarting point to plan new projects or as a referenceagainst which to compare their own experience. Includes 21 references, table, figures.

Product Details

Edition: Vol. 99 - No. 4 Published: 04/01/2007 Number of Pages: 12File Size: 1 file , 760 KB