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There are numerous potential indicators of distribution system contamination, some ofwhich may be useful for detecting unexpected contamination of the distribution system.Microbial indicators include total coliforms, fecal coliforms, E. coli, enterococci, fecalstreptococci, somatic coliphage, f-specific coliphage and heterotrophic bacteria. Variouschemical (e.g, sterols, turbidity, AOC) and physical indicators (e.g, water loss, pressuredrops) may also have value in detecting distribution system contamination. The purpose of this paper is to examine the available information on these indicators.The strengths and weaknesses of each indicator considered will be identified in terms ofits utility as an indicator of:distribution system integrity, including issues such as degradation of theinfrastructure, cross-connections, and excess biofilm growth;fecal contamination, including a range of issues with the potential to allow fecalcontamination to enter the distribution system;toxic or carcinogenic chemicals, examining indicators of issues such as corrosionand leaching; and, waterborne disease outbreaks and endemic disease, examining a range of issuesthat could be detected as a result of waterborne disease. Includes abstract only.

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Edition: Vol. - No. Published: 11/01/2005 Number of Pages: 2File Size: 1 file , 93 KB