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Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes are susceptible to fouling; therefore,pretreatment is needed to control colloidal, organic, biological fouling and scaling.Pretreatment processes combined with a conventional nanofiltration or reverse osmosisare named Integrated Membrane Systems (IMSs).Before an IMS can be implemented successfully, strategies to control membrane foulingmust be evaluated. To investigate how to reduce fouling onto nanofiltration (NF) andreverse osmosis (RO) membranes to an acceptable level, IMSs using different surfacewater pretreatments were tested on a pilot plant scale in comparison with a conventionalmembrane system for anaerobic groundwater:pretreatment using coagulation, sedimentation, filtration (CSF) followed by slowsand filtration (SSF) or CSF, biological activated carbon filtration (BAC)followed by SSF;pretreatment based on soil passage such as canal filtration and river bank filtration(RBF) or RBF followed by aeration and rapid sand filtration (RSF);pretreatment based on CSF and/or microfiltration (MF) and/or ultrafiltration (UF).In addition to system productivity and fouling assessment the research was focussed on:disinfection assessment including integrity monitoring;DBP-precursor removal; and,SOC removal, inorganics removal, biological stability, corrosivity and costs.In addition to the pilot plant research the suitability of laboratory testing was pursued anda protocol for IMS studies was developed.The American work effort for the IMS project consisted of conducting pilot operations atthe Irvine Ranch Water District, and East St. Louis, conducting operations analysis of afull-scale IMS at Fort Myers, modeling pilot and full-scale IMS performance usinglaboratory generated data and developing an IMS protocol.

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Edition: Vol. - No. Published: 06/17/2005 Number of Pages: 7File Size: 1 file , 550 KB