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Throughout the United States (U.S.), a number of utilities have been impacted by arsenic,perchlorate, and nitrate found in water supplies as more stringent regulations are beingimplemented. Arsenic occurs naturally in the environment, and it is also widely used in timbertreatment, agricultural chemicals (pesticides), and manufacturing of gallium arsenic wafers,glass, and alloys. Perchlorate contamination is typically associated with facilities that oncemanufactured, handled, or stored ammonium perchlorate, a solid-rocket fuel, although othersources have been suggested for the cases where there is no identified source of contamination(Jackson et al. 2003). For nitrate, run-off from agricultural lands treated with nitrogen fertilizershas been recognized as the main source of occurrence. The majority of the technologies for treatingthese three contaminants produce a concentrated waste stream that requires special handling andtreatment prior to disposal. The disposal of these wastes can sometimes be very costly or notviable depending on the local discharge regulations. Thus, in selecting treatment alternatives,residuals discharge and disposal issues should be carefully considered in order to avoidadditional costs associated with handling residuals. Includes 33 references, tables.

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Edition: Vol. - No. Published: 11/15/2004 Number of Pages: 17File Size: 1 file , 500 KB