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This paper presents the results of research supported by the Water Environment Research Foundation(WERF) on the Impact of Surface Storage on Reclaimed Water for Non-potable Use: Seasonal and LongTerm. The research objectives were: to develop a better understanding of the effects of storage onreclaimed water quality; to develop a methodology to help understand/predict water quality changes duringstorage; and, to develop effective management tools for minimizing water quality problems. To meet theseobjectives, the Research Team focused on six general areas: literature review; water quality criteria;water quality parameters; management strategies; models; and, recommended water qualitymanagement tools.The literature review, which included more than 100 published articles and a gray literature survey, wasconducted to analyze the impact of surface storage on reclaimed water quality. The research team alsoevaluated federal guidelines for reclaimed water and developed a brief update on what individual statesare doing. It was determined that state and federal water quality objectives can be met at the treatmentsite. However, because of the seasonal nature of reclaimed water use, the water often must be stored inopen reservoirs, where changes occur that can affect water quality. The nature of these changes wasevaluated, including physical, chemical, and biological processes.Several reservoir management strategies to improve water quality were evaluated, includingdestratification, oxygenation, wetlands, copper sulfate/cuprine treatment, advanced waste treatment forphosphorus and nitrogen, dredging and alum treatment. The study also evaluated twelve water qualitymodels to assess their applicability for reclaimed water storage reservoirs. The models ranged fromsimple steady-state empirical models to highly complex 3-dimensional models.Matrices and flow charts were developed to distill the information learned in the study into a usefulformat for risk assessors and water quality managers. These tools will enable users to readily equatetheir specific storage reservoirs to representative examples and to identify actions most applicable totheir specific reclaimed water systems. Includes tables.

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Edition: Vol. - No. Published: 06/15/2003 Number of Pages: 10File Size: 1 file , 240 KB