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Under the proposed Long-term 2 Enhanced SurfaceWater Treatment Rule, water suppliersusing membranes must conduct periodic directintegrity testing and continuous indirect monitoringto receive credits for Cryptosporidium removal.Membrane filtration facilities currently use pressurehold tests to detect minor breaches of membraneintegrity and particle counting and/or turbidity monitoringto meet regulatory requirements and detectmore-pronounced breaches in membrane integrity.However, no single test for monitoring membraneintegrity satisfactorily fulfills the criteria for allrequirements. This article provides an overview ofdirect and indirect membrane monitoring techniques,summarizes their strengths and weaknesses, andidentifies current trends, future developments inmembrane integrity monitoring, and areas wherefurther research is needed. In lieu of a single "ideal"technique for monitoring membrane integrity, theauthors propose a comprehensive integrity monitoringprogram that incorporates several existingmethods. Includes 56 references, tables, figures.

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Edition: Vol. 95 - No. 6 Published: 06/01/2003 Number of Pages: 13File Size: 1 file , 380 KB