Full Description

The city of Paris, France, and its suburbs are very densely populated(respectively 21,000 and 5,100 inhabitants per square kilometer). Therefore, theuse of underground space began in the 19th century with its best known examplethe famous M¿tro subway. At the same time, the water industry developed the firstmulti-utility gallery for the city of Paris. Later, the use of underground spacewas extended to other infrastructure, then pipelines or sewer systems. Many fullyburied pumping stations, sewer treatment plants and potable water reservoirs havebeen constructed in France. In addition to the problems associated with urbandensity, recent concerns for environmental protection have also led to anincrease in the use of underground space. This paper presents installations thatare located in the basements of office buildings, under sport stadiums,recreational areas or scenic and protected places, such as coastal cities of theFrench Riviera. The paper presents many examples that are currently in operationand emphasizes the design considerations, integration into the landscape or theneighborhood, nuisance reduction (odor, noise and vibration control) and securityaspects (access restriction, protection of drinking water, storage of chemicals,etc.). Includes 5 references, table, figures.

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Edition: Vol. - No. Published: 06/01/2001 Number of Pages: 14File Size: 1 file , 2.5 MB